In 2007, freeport mcmoran merged with phelps dodge. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce. Sublevel stoping is an underground mining method that involves the excavation. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659. In particular, the effects of increased sublevel intervals were investigated in order to under stand their impact upon stop recovery. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. The orebody is developed first by a series of sublevel drifts above the main haulage level.
Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine. The second stage involved the visual identification and manual collection of. Merges records by order such that the n th record from each input is merged to produce the n th output record. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Sublevel caving this method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. Similar comments would apply to the use of older equipment columnandarm drill setups, slushers, etc. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Here is the general procedure to use if you wanted to combine sample1. As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world.
When building a layered pdf, revu only considers the content layer of the existing pdfs. To create the pdf from the razor view i have used the following nuget package. Just upload files you want to join together, reorder them with draganddrop if you need and click join files button to merge the documents. Figure 3 sublevel open stoping method atlas copco, 2007 3. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. A sublevel stoping mining method is predominantly employed and the ore is trucked to surface using a variety of articulated dump trucks. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Mining method optimisation of bayi gold mine based on the.
Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press book. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. You can merge pdfs or a mix of pdf documents and other files. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Adaptations of this mining method as well as room and pillar mining are undertaken depending on the. Merge pdf this online pdf merge function is completely cost free and easy to use. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 4,821 views. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Design an appropriate mining method for extraction of ore between 330ml and 400ml at baluba east upper tblock. Combine different pdf documents or other files types like images and merge them into one pdf.
When youre finished arranging, click combine files. Pdf sublevel stoping in an underground limestone quarry. In addition to the block caving and sublevel method with ore and overburden rocks collapses should be considered and sublevel and open stope mining methods with backfilling the excavated area. So a level surface is the set of all realvalued roots of an equation in three variables x 1, x 2 and x 3, and a level hypersurface is the set of all realvalued roots of an equation in n n 3 variables. You can do this on any computer using a free online pdf merger called pdf joiner, or you can use a free app called pdf creator on windows. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the first section gives an overview of underg round. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 4,333 views. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Shrinkage stoping was a common and important method in the days when few.
Featuring numerous case studies from the worldrenowned mount isa mines and examples from underground mines in western australia, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping is both a practical reference for industry and a specialised textbook for. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. Development for sublevel open stoping at the carr fork mine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of stress of a voidspillar structure excavated by means of the sublevel stoping method in an underground limestone quarry near bergamo italy. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. The efficiency of the merge sort algorithm will be measured in cpu time which is measured using the system clock on a machine with minimal background processes running, with respect to the size of the input array, and compared to the selection sort algorithm. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision making tools by m.
The underground mine is accessed by ramps driven from portals in the old open pits and the current depth of mining is some 200m below these portals. Fil1 is not required and manual labour requirements are low. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method kazem oraee1 and amir houssain bangian2 drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. Click add files and select the files you want to include in your pdf. Sublevel caving is usually carried out underneath an open pit when it becomes uneconomic. Desktop tools are great for for merging classified, larger pdf documents, but what about a quick way to combine smaller files for lets say emailing purposes. Vertical crater retreat vcr or vertical retreat stoping. Unfortunately this didnt allow me to merge an existing file with the pdf so i have downloaded the project and changed the pdfactionresult to accept a mergefilename. Principal energy levels are broken down into sublevels. Production rates achieved in sublevel caving operations are typically lower than for block caves but higher than for stoping methods. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. Select either order or keys to specify the method of merging records.
The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical. How to merge pdfs and combine pdf files adobe acrobat dc. Revu makes it simple to create a layered pdf from a group of existing pdfs, each of which will be a separate layer in the layered pdf. The orebody is divided into sections about 100 m h igh and further divided laterally into. I am trying to merge two pdfs one from a razor view and one from a file on the server. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Ataei synopsis mining method selection is the first and most important problem in mine design. Sublevel caving also allows for a slightly more selective extraction of the orebody than is attainable through block or panel caving. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. By combining the ridgeway marker trial results with ground vibration records, analysis and. There is a vb functionmodule to merge multiple pdf documents to a single pdf. Sperr in the engineering and minting journal of june 5, 1912, and by p.
Several tools, has been created to predict the rock mass behaviour, one of them is the empirical stability graph method developed by mathews1 based on the shape factor, s, and the stability number, n. Excavation design and mining methods in the 1100 ore body, mount isa mine, australia. Firstly, by structuring data in ways that combine sets and allow for simple. It finds application only when it is necessary to mine a lens of good ore below a level and it is not practicable or financially possible to do the necessary development to come up from underneath. Stoping sources are likely to be scheduled from a number of locations and extraction methods. How to merge pdf online for free pdf merge free is the best online service to join your pdfs into one. Shrinkage mining was a common stoping method prior to mechanised mining and the introduction of hydraulic fill.
It is also possible to combine the two in a single operation. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Find answers to convert vb pdf merge function to vba from the expert community at. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. Development of the ramp up to the desired elevation for the stope, top or bottom.
It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. A common method of mining such vertical ore bodies is stull stoping, see below. Possibility of application of backfill methods with cementing fill for borska. Figure 53 the truncated normal probability distribution functions pdfs for a the uniaxial. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production. Write a wrapper method for the common case of mergesorting an entire array. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. Theoretically there are an infinite number principal energy levels and sublevels. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. Probabilistic stability analysis of open stopes in sublevel stoping.
Sublevel stoping recover s the ore from open stopes separated by access drifts each connected to a ramp. For example, we can say that an electron in a hydrogen atoms 1s sublevel will be found 99 percent of the time somewhere in a sphere with a given radius around the nucleus. You can use the printing capability with a pdf reader application to merge or combine two or more pdf files. When n 3, a level set is called a level surface see also isosurface, and for higher values of n the level set is a level hypersurface. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method. Combining the equations for recovery and extraction also yields. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. Jul 08, 2009 atlas copco cut and fill mining method duration. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Design optimisation of the current sublevel open stoping mining method has proceeded in two stages, hereby outlined for a single mine sector or district. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Except possibly for the merge portion, this was very simple to write. Pdf joiner allows you to merge multiple pdf documents and images into a single pdf file, free of charge. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining.
Apr 21, 20 sublevel caving past and future australian centre for. Granted, since merge is private and therefore only called from trusted code, validation isnt. Sublevel stopping method abstract this paper presents a design and parameters of the new variant of sublevel stopping method. The plan and section views of above mining method are shown in figure 4. Sublevel stoping generally is a largescale open stoping method. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Jumbos selectively drill holes into the roof of the drift and fill them with explosives. Firstly, a broad series of generic designs has been developed, via twodimensional modelling, in an attempt to explore the geomechanical impact of simultaneously mining stopes. Caving requirements caving is a nonselective, bulk mining method. Selecting keys activates the bottom half of the dialog box. Pdf merge free online free online tool to joinmerge.
The final optimised mining method was designed and put into stope preparation. The shape factor is related to the geometry of the wall. Guide to underground mining methods and applications. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping.
Convert vb pdf merge function to vba solutions experts exchange. In 2012, the open pits reached their ultimate depths and diavik became a fully underground operation. In this mining method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Design an appropriate mining method for extraction of ore.
This is where you can resort to online tools for pdf to help you merge pdf quickly and effortlessly. In cases where fill is not used, the main concern is the sequencing of the stopes such. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of. However, labor is costly, and manual mining tech niques are inefficient. How to append to an existing pdf and how to prepend to an existing pdf using the win2pdf desktop app. In most underground mines, a number of sources in various stages of development, production and filling are being extracted at anyone time. The atomic sublevel with the next highest energy after 4p is. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. It differs from manual methods such as timbered and shrinkage as once the stope. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. This is the reason we can draw the s sublevel s orbitals as a sphere.
The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. Blast patterns are similar to sublevel open stoping, but with holes up to 100 m long. Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. The same content in microsoft html help file format is included in the download package. Longhole sublevel stoping, often referred to as sublevel open stoping and blast hole stoping is a commonly used method in large scale mining. Integrated optimization of stope boundary selection and scheduling. Australian centre for geomechanics conference paper. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. The proposed new variant is the result of combination the theoretic considerations, field experience using the application of similar methods and researches on models. The following description of components of the system is an attempt to highlight some of the most important features and requirements of mechanized sublevel stoping methods. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling. Bighole stoping method bighole stoping is an upscaled variant of sublevel open stoping, using longer, largerdiameter dth blastholes, ranging from 140 mm to 165 mm. Perhaps its to enforce that mid is always initially one less than highptr within merge, though the author isnt terribly concerned with input validation e.
Sub level stoping, cut and fill mining and sub level caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. In the electron configuration for scandium atomic number 21, what is the notation for the. Sublevel caving, slc, underground blasting, caving, caving flow. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. In this selection some of the parameters such as geological and geotechnical properties, economic parameters and geographical factors are involved. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. It allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. Mcdonald in the mining and scientific press of july 5, 19, is really a combination of several different methods of stoping. As geotechnical knowledge was gained, the mining methods were reevaluated and the sublevel retreat slr method was chosen for the a154s and a418 pipes, and blasthole stoping bhs with cemented rockfill crf was chosen for the a154n pipe. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large ore bodies with a steep dip, regular shape, and defined ore bodies. Pdf the first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel. A sub level stoping mining method is predominantly employed and the ore is trucked to surface using a variety of articulated dump trucks.
How to combine and merge pdfs desktop vs online pdf blog. If you are just starting to study chemistry, you should only be concerned with the first 4 sublevels. This wikihow teaches you how to combine two or more pdf files into one file. Once the development is completed, the panel is separated in sections of 21 m to 37 m 70 ft to 120 ft long. Pdf economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. In this article, we will introduce you a new method to merge pdf files.
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